In spite of its formal recognition of the Vichy government, the United States retaliated against Japan by imposing economic sanctions in August, including a total embargo on oil and gasoline exports. 91; Wikipedia:Citingsources pagenbsp;needed 93; 42-0 classreference 91; Wikipedia:Citingsources pagenbsp;needed 93; -4241 On September 6, a deadline of early October was fixed in the Imperial Conference for resolving the situation diplomatically.

During his years in power, he assumed several more positions including Chief of Staff of the Imperial Army before ultimately being removed in July 1944.

He began his career in the Army in 1905 and steadily rose through the ranks to become a general by 1934.

On March 1, 1937, he was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army whereby he led military operations against the Chinese in Inner Mongolia and the Chahar-Suiyan provinces.

By July 1940, he was appointed Minister of War to the Japanese government led by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe.

During his tenure, he presided over numerous war crimes including the massacre and starvation of civilians and prisoners of war.

Following Japans surrender to the Allied Powers in September 1945, he was arrested, convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in the Tokyo Trials, sentenced to death, and hanged on December 23, 1948.

After the Meiji Restoration, the caste system was abolished in 1871, but the former caste distinctions in many ways persisted afterwards, ensuring that those from the former samurai caste continued to enjoy their traditional prestige.

The Tojo family came from the samurai caste, though the Tojos were relatively lowly warrior retainers for the great daimys (lords) that they had served for generations.

Tojos father was a samurai turned Army officer and his mother was the daughter of a Buddhist priest, making his family very respectable, but poor.

As a boy, Tojo was known for his stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, for being an opinionated and combative youth fond of getting into fights with the other boys and for his tenacious way of pursuing what he wanted.

Japanese schools in the Meiji era were very competitive, and there was no tradition of sympathy for failure; those who did so were often bullied by the teachers.

Those who knew him during his formative years deemed him to be of only average intelligence.

However, he was known to compensate for his observed lack of intellect with a willingness to work extremely hard.

Tojos boyhood hero was the 17th-century shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu who issued the injunction: Avoid the things you like, turn your attention to unpleasant duties.

Tojo liked to say: I am just an ordinary man possessing no shining talents.

Anything I have achieved I owe to my capacity for hard work and never giving up.

In 1899, Tojo enrolled in the Army Cadet School.

Very few Japanese at the time had understood that the war with Russia had pushed their nation to the verge of bankruptcy, and most people in Japan believed that the American president Theodore Roosevelt who had mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth had cheated Japan out of its rightful gains.

Tojos anger at the Treaty of Portsmouth left him with an abiding dislike of Americans.

In 1909, Hideki married Katsuko Ito, with whom he had three sons (Hidetake, Teruo, and Toshio) and four daughters (Mitsue, Makie, Sachie and Kimie).

In 191819, Tojo briefly served in Siberia as part of the Japanese expeditionary force sent to intervene in the Russian Civil War.

Tojo served as Japanese military attache to Germany between 1919 and 1922.

As the Imperial Japanese Army had been trained by a German military mission in the 19th century, the Japanese Army was always very strongly influenced by intellectual developments in the German Army, and Tojo was no exception.

In the 1920s, the German military favored preparing for the next war by creating a totalitarian Wehrstaat (Defense State), an idea that was taken up by the Japanese military as the national defense state.

In 1922, on his way home to Japan, Tojo took a train ride across the United States, his first and only visit to America, which left him with the impression that the Americans were a materialistic soft people devoted only to making money and to hedonistic pursuits like sex, partying and (despite Prohibition ) drinking.

He began to take an interest in militarist politics during his command of the 8th Infantry Regiment.

Tojo often visited the homes of the men under his command, assisted his men with personal problems and made loans to officers short of money.

Like many other Japanese officers, Tojo disliked Western cultural influence in Japan, which was often disparaged as resulting in the ero-guro-nansensu (eroticism, grotesquerie and nonsense) movement as he complained about such forms of Western decadence like young couples holding hands and kissing in public, which were undermining traditional values necessary to uphold the kokutai.

Politically, he was nationalist, and militarist, and was nicknamed Razor (, Kamisori ), for his reputation of having a sharp and legalistic mind capable of quick decision-making.

Tojo was a member of the Tseiha (Control) faction in the Army that was opposed by the more radical Kdha (Imperial Way) faction.

Both the Tseiha and the Kdha factions were militaristic groups that favored a policy of expansionism abroad and dictatorship under the Emperor at home, but differed over the best way of achieving these goals.

The Imperial Way faction wanted a coup dtat to achieve a Shwa Restoration; emphasised spirit as the principle war-winning factor; and despite advocating socialist policies at home wanted to invade the Soviet Union.

The Control faction, while being willing to use assassination to achieve its goals, was more willing to work within the system to achieve reforms; wanted to create the national defense state to mobilize the entire nation before going to war; and, while not rejecting the idea of spirit as a war-winning factor also saw military modernization as a war-winning factor; and saw the United States as a future enemy just as much as the Soviet Union.

As the commander of the Kenpeitai, Tojo ordered the arrest of all officers in the Kwantung Army suspected of supporting the coup attempt in Tokyo.

In the aftermath, the Tseiha faction was able to purge the Army of radical officers, and the coup leaders were tried and executed.

Following the purge, Tseiha and Kdha elements were unified in their nationalist but highly anti-political stance under the banner of the Tseiha military clique, which included Tojo as one of its leaders.

In July 1937, he personally led the units of the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade in Operation Chahar, his only real combat experience.

Tojo received Jewish refugees in accordance with Japanese national policy and rejected the resulting Nazi German protests.

Tojo was recalled to Japan in May 1938 to serve as Vice-Minister of War under Army Minister Seishir Itagaki.

From December 1938 to 1940, Tojo was Inspector-General of Army Aviation.

Prince Konoe had chosen Tojoa man representative of both the Armys hardline views and the Control faction while being considered reasonable to deal withto secure the Armys backing for his foreign policy.

Tojo was a militant ultra-nationalist, well respected for his work ethic and his ability to handle paperwork, who believed that the Emperor was a living god and favored direct imperial rule, ensuring that he would faithfully follow any order from the Emperor.

Konoe favored having Germany mediate an end to the Sino-Japanese war, pressuring Britain to end its economic and military support of China even at the risk of war, seeking better relations with both Germany and the United States, and taking advantage of the changes in the international order caused by Germanys victories in the spring of 1940 to make Japan a stronger power in Asia.

Konoe wanted to make Japan the dominant power in East Asia, but he also believed it was possible to negotiate a modus vivendi with the United States under which the Americans would agree to recognize the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere.

In spite of its formal recognition of the Vichy government, the United States retaliated against Japan by imposing economic sanctions in August, including a total embargo on oil and gasoline exports.

Wikipedia:Citingsources pagenbsp;needed 93; 42-0 classreference 91; Wikipedia:Citingsources pagenbsp;needed 93; -4241 On September 6, a deadline of early October was fixed in the Imperial Conference for resolving the situation diplomatically.

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